Trends in international mining technology development

1. Development direction of underground mines

Underground mines are developing towards mechanization, automation, and large-scale. At present, underground mines in the world are pursuing high efficiency and safety, so the level of mechanization and automation are constantly improving. (1) Sweden Ji Luna iron ore, for example, designed annual output reached 30 million t, l974年曾达到24.5 million t, later due to poor sales, the annual output remained at l 500 l 800 in case Wan t / a. The Kiruna iron mine is backed by a large-scale sublevel caving method. The height of the section is increased from the beginning of 12m to the height of 28.5~30m in the 1990s. The simba w469 remote-controlled rock drilling rig produced by Aelas copco is used for mining. The aperture is l50mm and the maximum hole depth is 55m. The car uses the metering system for accurate dimensional positioning. The car is unmanned and operates continuously for 24 hours. The annual collapse amount can reach 3 million tons.

The mining rock is also equipped with the wassara high-pressure hydraulic down-the-hole impact drilling rig , which was developed by G-Drill. The drilling rig has a good working environment and no oil mist. There is almost no leakage of hydraulic oil. Compared with hydraulic rock drills , the cost of the drill pipe is low. It replaces the heavy-duty hydraulic rock drill outside the hole with a short rotating head, and its rock drilling speed has almost nothing to do with the hole depth. The hydraulic rock drill significantly reduces the rock drilling speed with the deepening of the blasthole. The high-pressure hydraulic squatting L impact rig has a fast rock drilling speed and a very straight bore. The drilling rig has a hole diameter of ll5mm. The basic requirement of the large-scale sublevel caving method for the mining fragmentation and gravity ore mining is the extremely high precision rock drilling technology. The hydraulic and downhole impact drilling rig has this capability. The spacing of the fan-shaped holes (resistance line) is 3.0 to 3.5 m, and the amount of hole collapse in a row is 10 000 to 14 O00 t. For large diameter (115mm) deep holes (40 ~ 50m) charge, the explosive viscosity is required. All of the upward holes are now filled with emulsion explosives that can be pumped. Because of the water resistance of such explosives, pre-charges can be used more efficiently than before. This is true even in the presence of water. From an environmental point of view, this method is superior to the ammonium fry charge due to the reduced amount of re-dosing. The explosive dispensing and charging system consists of a transport vehicle, an underground storage bin and seven loading carts for excavation and recovery of charge. Accurate measurements of the borehole deflection are required. The quality of the blasting should be monitored, especially in multi-fractures and porous cave rocks. Drilling operations require more attention and strict requirements.

Loaded with electric scraper, the 775m level has used the Toro 510E scraper from Tamrock, Finland, with a load of l5t and a single capacity of 320t/h. The 1 045m level uses Tamrock's newly developed Toro 2500E scraper, with a capacity of 25t, a single capacity of 500t/h, and an average of 300,000 to 35,000 tons per week. This type of scraper has no exhaust emission, low noise, less dust, and long tire life, which is convenient for centralized maintenance. The Kiruna Iron Mine has now automated its operations in rock drilling and shipping. The rock drilling rigs and scrapers have been unmanned. At the main transport level, the 1980 locomotive consists of locomotives and vehicles. The train is running without driver. The 045m level is the KUJ 2000 project, the equipment is brand new, the mine's target is large-scale; the second is highly automated; LKAB has 5 boring trolleys and 5 slag rams, the equipment model and the past used In the same way, the remote-controlled rock drilling vehicle is completely new 8-9 sets; the automatic and remote controlled Toro2500E scraper is loaded 8~10 sets; the rail transport system no longer adds new locomotives and vehicles, which is the original 775m level. After overhaul, go to the l 045m level. There are 500 people in the underground, mainly engaged in excavation, mining and rock drilling and shipping operations. Some underground operations have realized remote control and vehicle unmanned driving. The underground mine is continuously produced, and the ore that is upgraded from the underground is directly sent to the plant for treatment. There is no storage yard in the middle. The mine production is as stable as possible and reduces fluctuations. About 40 people have 3 shifts. There are slip gates, laboratory techniques, upgrades and some maintenance personnel, and 25 night shifts. This group also includes slip gates and tests. And about 10 shippers, the white shift staff are mine buildings, rock reinforcements and some maintenance workers. The work system is divided into D2+ and D2++. D2+ is an early morning shift, a week shift, a week free class; D2++ system. Including early, middle, late and free classes. The 24-hour continuous work includes not only the first-line personnel but also the remote control personnel. The labor productivity in the underground is calculated according to the annual output of 5 million tons of raw ore and 500 employees. The average labor productivity of the underground personnel is 30,000 t/a.

(2) The second example is Mount Aisa, Australia. Mount Isa mine is Australia's largest underground mine and one of the world's large underground mine, the world's largest silver, lead metal manufacturer, is the world's top ten producers of copper and zinc, copper mine production in 1988 The stone is 5.85 million tons, the lead-zinc-silver ore is 4.65 million tons, and the total ore production is over 10 million tons. Then there is the Australian Olympic Dam (OlympicDam), which is located in southern Australia and is a copper uranium mine. It produces 45 000t of cathode copper per year and produces UO 900t. The total number of mines is 204. It is a typical modern mine in Australia.

2 The application of leaching technology is increasingly widespread

At present, leaching technology has been widely used in the recovery of low-grade copper, gold ore, uranium ore, etc. In the leaching technology, there are three categories of in-situ leaching, heap leaching and in-situ leaching.

The United States, the former Soviet Union, Canada, France, South Africa, Portugal, and Australia have successively used leaching technology to mine low-grade copper, uranium, cobalt , nickel , copper and other colored, rare metal primary ore and oxidized ore. In these countries, 0.15% to 0.45% of low-grade copper ore, more than 2% of copper oxide ore and 0.02% to 0.1% of uranium ore are basically recovered by heap leaching and in-situ blasting.

There are more than 20 mines in the United States that use in-situ blasting of copper. For example, the Mine Mine in Nevada, the Nissan copper mine in Arizona's Zonia Copper Mine is above 2.2t, and the copper produced by the Batter Mine and the Copper Queen Mine in Montana is 10.9-14.97t. More than 20% of production, gold production exceeds 30%, and most of uranium production comes from leaching mining. The uranium metal leaching from the red slag heap leaching and in-situ blasting in the Urak mine in Russia accounts for 40% to 50% of the total production. In the mid-1980s, the Mount Isa mine in Australia used copper leaching to produce copper on explosions on open-air slopes, and the underground mine in North America used the underground in-situ leaching method. The Mamos mine is a copper mine that has been closed. It was first mined by the Spaniards, closed after September 1977, resumed production in 1981, and abandoned mining again due to less reserves. In the mid-1980s, Australia used drilling holes from the surface to inject water into the well, and then pumped groundwater from the well. Repeatedly, when the copper particles are analyzed to a certain concentration, the groundwater is extracted, and concentrated in a pool of large plastic cloth mats built on the surface. The concentrated liquid is extracted by an electrode method to produce electrolytic copper. The original grade of copper in the Mamos mine is 1.5%, which is reported to be slightly profitable.

In the case of increasingly perfect copper and gold leaching technology, nickel leaching technology has also developed rapidly in recent years. Australian Titan Company conducted a bacterial leaching test at the Radio Hill lode nickel mine in the Coracha area of ​​Western Australia. The copper sulfide-nickel ore produced by the nickel ore is crushed, stacked, sprayed, ventilated, leached, and copper and nickel are produced by the leaching electrode method. Using this technology, copper and nickel are leached, and the leaching rate is more than 80%.

3 Deep mining technology

With the continuous reduction of resources, the depth of mining is getting deeper and deeper, and the depth of mining is below 1000m. It brings many difficulties and problems that are not encountered in shallow mining. In addition to the higher requirements for winches and ventilators, the underground rock temperature will rise due to the deep burial of the ore body (Australia's Mount Isa 34m horizontal rock temperature reaches 64, deep rock pressure increases, deep areas Rock bursts may also occur, bringing many unexpected difficulties to the mining. Deep mining, there is no clear and unified concept in the technical field. It is generally believed that due to the deep burial of the deposit, some production processes have not occurred during the mining of general deposits. Mine production encountered in the technical difficulties. It is deep well mining. However, deep and shallow, difficult and easy to oppose. With the development and improvement of mining technology and mining machinery and equipment performance, the mining of deep mining deposits is coming. The more the mining depth is getting bigger and bigger, it turns out to be deep, and now it is no longer deep. It is difficult. It is no longer difficult now. It may be difficult to divide because of the depth. Therefore, people have not discussed the determination of the uniformity of deep well mining. Concept. However, as the mining depth increases, the ground pressure increases, the rock temperature increases, and the difficulties in mine lifting, drainage, support, ventilation, etc. increase. , Which requires mining technology and mechanical equipment can adapt to these changes. Non-mining depth of coal mines in China's current general no more than 700 ~ 800m, but in recent years there have been some buried to a depth of about 1 000m deposit is being developed, Tongling The 850m level of the Dongguashan copper deposit and the Jinchuan No. 2 mine belonging to the non-ferrous metals company belong to it. At present, the mines with a depth of more than 1 000m are usually referred to as deep mines.

(1) Distribution of deep mines: According to the data of the early 1980s, there are 79 non-coal mines with an annual output of more than 10 000 tons of ore (including open pit mines). The 79 deep well mines are: Canada 3O. South Africa 15, South America ll, India 4, Australia 4. 2 Russia, 2 Poland, 2 Spain, 2 Zambia, 1 Ukraine, 1 Norway, 1 Japan, 1 UK, 1 Hungary, 1 Mexico, 1 Zimbabwe. Deep mines are mostly distributed in countries with developed mining industries. In terms of mined minerals, there are 26 gold mines, 18 gold mines, 9 nickel mines and 7 potash mines. 6 lead-zinc, silver 5, 4 cobaltite, three iron, a bauxite, a noble metal and a heavy non-ferrous metal mines in the majority of deep mines. Divided from the depth of mining, there are 64 seats with a depth of 1 000 to 2 000 m, 12 with 2 O00 to 3 000 m, and 3 with more than 3 000 m, the deepest of which is the Caritonville gold mine in South Africa, with a depth of 3 800m. The bottom of the shaft has reached 4 164m below the surface. At present, most of the deep mines are still between 1,000 and 2000 m, but it is no longer rare.

(2) Lifting and production capacity of deep mines: The mining depth is increased. The first problem encountered is the upgrading capacity of the mine. The maximum height of the current lifting machine has exceeded 2 000m. For example, the deepest mine in Canada, the 9-column of the Creighton Nickel Mine, has reached 2,172m; the shaft of the South African Presidential Gold Mine has reached 2,310.4m. The shaft of the Carringtonville Gold Mine in South Africa also reached 2,300m. However, the hoist models used in the upgrading of deep mines are not the same. The Caritonville Gold Mine uses two drum-type hoists with a diameter of 6m, and the Canadian Creighton Nickel Mine also uses a drum hoist. Its diameter is 6m, width is 2m, motor power is 4 777kW (6 600) horsepower, lifting container is 15t bottom dumping double bucket and double-layer single cage. Friction wheel multi-rope hoist is mainly used in shallow wells and medium deep wells. In South Africa The deepest is used in the deep 1 952m well.

In general, when the depth of the well exceeds 1 800 m, there are many difficulties in using this type of lifting. Therefore, in South Africa, the Blair multi-rope hoist is gradually replaced by the friction wheel multi-rope hoist. The lifting height of the Brill multi-rope hoist has reached 2 394m. From the hoist motor power, the largest is the two hoists of the St. Manuel copper mine in the United States, which are 5 222 kW (7 hp) and 4 476 kW (6 hp), which is the largest production in deep mines. In the mine (5.9 million continents), the two winches respectively lifted the double-hoppers of 26.3t and 21t of dry mines. At present, a large four-rope floor-type hoist manufactured by West Germany EPR Company has a friction wheel diameter of 9m and an effective payload of 30t. With a lifting height of 200m, a lifting speed of 20rids and a motor power of 2~3 710kW, this hoist is the world's largest multi-rope hoist in terms of its diameter. These are enough to show that the ability to upgrade equipment has fully met the requirements of large deep mines.

The lifting speed of the winch is generally above 15m/s. From the information mastered by the author, there are 74 hoist stations with heights exceeding 1 000 m, of which 69 are lifting speeds of 15 to 20 m/s. One lifting speed is 10-15 m/s, and the lifting speed is less than 10 m/ There are 3 s. Among them, the maximum lifting speed is 20m/s. The smallest lifting speed is the hoist of the Hercules mine in South Africa's RAND. The lifting height is 1 800m and the lifting speed is only 6.35m/s. Many deep wells in foreign countries still use drum type single rope winches. In China, Jingshen 500

The 600m mine uses a friction wheel multi-rope hoist that is quite extensive. The roller hoist with a diameter of 6m in the Creighton Nickel Mine in Canada has a steel wire diameter of 67.15mm (21/4 hr), and is wound up to 4 layers: in China, it cannot exceed two layers. Therefore, the application of the single rope drum hoist is expanded. Scope, there are still many technical problems worthy of further exploration and solution. (3) Rock temperature and ventilation cooling in deep mines: a mining depth increases and the rock temperature increases, but the rock temperatures at the same depth are not necessarily the same in different mines. The same, so there are many factors affecting the rock temperature, and the depth is only one of them. The high rock temperature is one of the main reasons for the high temperature and poor working conditions of the underground production working face. Many countries in the world stipulate that the downhole temperature should not exceed 28 °C. Japan's Fengyu copper-zinc mine has a temperature of more than 100~C at a 600m level (about 20m from the surface). The South African Presidential Gold Mine is in the middle of the 105nd section of the 3 200m below the surface, with a temperature of 63. In order to improve the working conditions in the underground, deep well mines generally use increased ventilation air volume and cooling and cooling of downhole air, that is, air cooling and water cooling. The choice between the two and the two is often based on the results of technical and economic comparisons. Generally, air cooling is considered first, and water cooling is considered when the requirements are not met. Water cooling is divided into surface concentrated cooling and underground decentralized cooling. It is more common to establish a centralized refrigeration station on the ground. The water temperature is cooled to about 2 °C and then sent to the vicinity of the underground working face, which is used to bring fresh air into the working surface. The temperature is lowered to the required temperature to ensure working surface gas

The temperature reached about 27. The Presidential Gold Mine is using the 7 O00kW refrigeration equipment to produce 100L/s of cold water for cooling downhole air.

Australia's Mount Isa copper-lead-zinc mine is also a refrigeration station with two sets of 3 000 kW refrigeration equipment on the surface, sending cold water downhole to cool the air in the downhole working face, while the Broken Hill lead-zinc mine in Australia is In the late 1980s, a cooling station was built in the middle section of the underground production to cool the air. In order to improve the working conditions of the deep mining face, in addition to trying to reduce the temperature, it also attaches great importance to reducing the air temperature of the working face. In order to reduce the power consumption of air cooling, more emphasis is placed on reducing the heat dissipation of downhole machinery. Downhole diesel equipment Heat dissipation and the heat dissipation of the downhole refrigeration equipment itself have attracted attention.

(4) Ground pressure management and mining methods for deep well mining: Ground pressure management is often overlooked in general mine management in China. However, in deep mining, it is a very important and outstanding problem. It is directly related to mining production. Smooth and high production costs. Therefore, in general, deep well mines have established complete ground pressure measurement and monitoring systems. They all attach great importance to the study of the ground pressure variation law of the mine. Pay attention to the rational arrangement of mining sequences and select reasonable stope components. Rock bursts may be encountered in deep mine mining. The outstanding problem is that the occurrence of rockburst is not completely dependent on the depth of the mine. It is closely related to the geostress of the deposit, the nature of the ore and the management of the ground pressure during the mining process. Some mines are below the surface. More than 1,000 meters or even 3 O00m mining does not occur often or even no rock explosion phenomenon. Some mines, such as the Galina silver mine in the United States, often have rockbursts when mining depths are around 500m. In order to predict rockburst, many mines have installed microseismic monitoring devices underground. For example, the Rizhao Silver Mine in the United States installed a microseismic monitoring device at a level of 2,254 m for 24-hour monitoring. In order to prevent the occurrence of rockburst, all deep mines attach great importance to preventing the stress concentration of rocks and adopt release measures. The shape, size and distribution of the pillars and rock pillars are carefully studied. In the deep mines, the filling method or the post-filling goaf is generally used. The large hole method, VCR method, etc. are closely related to the deep ground pressure and the easy occurrence of rock burst.

(5) Deep well mining will also encounter the phenomenon that the sulfide ore naturally and self-explosion when filling explosives due to the elevated temperature of the ore, and also attracts sufficient attention.

4 Mine environmental protection work and comprehensive management

In foreign countries, especially developed countries, comprehensive measures are adopted for the mine environment. There are strict technical standards for wastewater, waste gas, waste residue, dust and noise discharged from mines. Many low-grade mines are too expensive for environmental protection. Can not be built and put into production. In particular, the treatment of solid waste. The abandoned tailings dam is generally covered. The upper part is planted again, and the waste rock field and even the slope of the mine are covered with soil layers, and then planted. Some open pit mines in Brazil use a method of growing wheat on the cover. At present, foreign countries also emphasize the establishment of waste-free mines and clean mines. The Walsm coal mine in the Ruhr industrial area in Germany is a successful example. The coal ash from the coal washing plant and coal-fired coal ash and the broken downhole waste rock are added to the cement. Activate the agitation, use the PM pump to hit the underground filling area, and the mine will not discharge any solid waste. China's Nanjing Qixiashan Zinc and Molybdenum Mining Co., Ltd. and Suzhou Wuxian Copper Mine are also basically waste-free mines.

5 Filling mining technology is becoming more and more widely used

According to reports, South Africa had 311 casualties in 1985 due to rock bursts and landing accidents. Therefore, the international community has reflected on how to solve this problem. It is generally considered that filling is one of the effective measures.

Different fillers can be used depending on the situation. 1 Regional support: use high-quality rigid filling to reduce the risk of elastic volume closure and rockburst. 2 Rock formation control: The quality requirements of the filling material are not strict, but it requires a wide range of filling, and should not shrink after filling. 3 Multi-mineral mining: The requirement for filling is lower stress state. The filling material should be rigid in order to keep the deformation displacement of the rock formation to a minimum.

4Environmental control: In order to ensure that the upper plate is closed to prevent airflow from passing through the goaf, it is required that the filling does not shrink and carry out large-area filling. 5 Reduce waste rock lifting: Prepare and crush waste rock in the underground to make fillers, thus improving efficiency.

The current filling issues to consider: 1 to concentrate on the formation of a practical and reliable system. It is necessary to research and develop effective filling technology to effectively combine the filling operation and the mining operation cycle. It is necessary to pay attention to the management of the filling system. 2 Research can make the existing system reach the optimal design technology, study the particle size distribution that constitutes the high quality filling material, study the improved filling preparation process in the hydrocyclone and the crushing, and study the optimization of the filling. Conveying techniques such as pressure loss, wear, and corrosion are used to optimize the overall design of the filling system. 3 Strengthen the quantitative understanding of the preparation, transportation, charging and loading and deformation process of filling materials, and lay a foundation for safe, stable and efficient mining.

At present, the filling processes used in the world include: water sand filling, dry filling, high water solid filling, and cement filling. Cement filling is divided into: segmented tail sand hydraulic filling (high concentration self-slip conveying), other filling hydraulic filling (high concentration self-slip conveying), full tail sand paste self-slip filling and full tail sand paste pumping filling . Currently recommended internationally is the full tailings paste pumping filling.

Foreign practice experience proves that paste filling is superior to high-concentration filling in filling efficiency and pipeline transportation, but the paste filling scheme containing aggregate has great technical risk. Breakthroughs have been made in the application of silo technology in Canada for the preparation of paste filling. In addition, such as deep thickener system for preparing paste, high-speed high-shear colloid mixer, products with high-concentration paste under controlled viscosity conditions, failure mechanism of pipe flow on partition wall, optimization of underground filling distribution system, and paste Important progress has been made in the study of the physical and mechanical properties of the backfill. Correspondingly, a special high-concentration paste filling research station and a paste filling technology company serving the mine have emerged.

Currently. In Canada, 12 mines have been filled with high-concentration pastes, and new paste filling systems have been put into operation in South Africa and Australia. The new filling process will better meet the requirements of protecting resources, protecting the environment, improving efficiency and ensuring mine development. Filling mining will have a broader outlook in the mining industry in the 21st century.

6 Ocean polymetallic nuclear mining

6.1 International Ocean Multi-metal nuclear mining method

Since polymetallic nodules occur in the seabed at a depth of about 3,000 to 5,000 m, there is a need for viable mining methods to be mined. Therefore, all countries in the world have given priority to the development of reliable mining methods, and have carried out a large number of experimental studies, and some even conducted deep-sea intermediate mining tests. From the late 1960s to the present, the ocean mining methods developed and tested internationally are mainly divided into three types: continuous chain bucket (CLB) mining method, submarine remote control vehicle mining method and fluid lifting mining method.

(1) Continuous chain bucket (CLB) mining method: This method was proposed by the Japanese in 1967, and then France and other countries participated in the experimental research work. The method is relatively simple. It consists mainly of mining vessels, streamers, ropes and towing vessels. At a certain interval, the rope is tied to the streamer and placed on the bottom of the sea. The streamer is carried by the towing boat under the handling of the towing vessel to carry out the downward movement, the shovel and the upward movement. The stepless rope circulation operation constitutes continuous. Acquisition loop. In 1970, a commercial scale 1/10 scale mining test was carried out in the water depth of 3 760 m in the South Pacific. The main feature of CLB is that it can adapt to changes in water depth to maintain normal operation. The cable in turn stabilizes the rocking of the mining vessel and mitigates the effects of waves on the job. Despite this, the CLB method can only produce up to 100t/d. It is far from the requirements of industrial mining. This is mainly because the bucket is uncontrollable on the seabed and cannot adapt to changes in the seabed topography, resulting in low mining efficiency and failure to meet commercial mining requirements. Therefore, the CLB mining law was abandoned in the late 1970s.

(2) Submarine remote control vehicle mining method: This method is mainly proposed by the French. The submarine remote control car is an unmanned submersible mining vehicle, which is mainly composed of four major systems: mining, self-propelled, buoyancy control and ballast. Under the monitoring of the sea-side mother ship, the mining vehicle sneaked into the seabed to collect the tuberculosis according to the instructions, and collected the ballast at the side of the tuberculosis; after filling the tuberculosis, it floated out of the water surface and went to the mother ship to accept the warehouse to remove the tuberculosis, and then proceeded after loading the ballast. In the next cycle of operations, the sea-going mothership can usually control several mining vehicles to operate simultaneously.

According to the results of the French Atomic Energy Commission in 1978, the mining vehicle takes 6 hours per cycle and can only collect 100 kg of tuberculosis at a time. Due to the large investment in the mining system. The value of the product is not high and there is no economic benefit in a few decades. Therefore, the French Ocean Tuberculosis Research and Development Association stopped research in 1983 and decided to abandon the project. However, the mining principle of this mining vehicle is considered a promising acquisition technology.

(3) Fluid lifting mining method: This method is to connect the concentrator and the riser after the mining ship arrives at the mining area and gradually release the marine concentrator for collecting the TB in the seafloor sediment and carry out preliminary treatment. In the removal of excessive tuberculosis, the qualified size of the tuberculosis is input to the bottom end of the riser, and the water in the tube is moved upwards at a sufficient speed by hydraulic or pneumatic lifting. The tuberculosis is transported to the surface mining vessel. From 1978 to 1979, the US-based international consortium conducted an offshore pilot test of the fluid-lifting mining method at a ratio of 1/4 to 1/5 industrial production in the Pacific mining area. It was successful. At present, it is recognized internationally as a fluid-lifting mining method, and it has the most application prospects in Dingye.

6.2 Multi-metal nuclear mining in the domestic ocean

On the basis of fully summarizing the foreign ocean mining technology research experience and existing problems, China has formulated a fluid-lift mining method that prioritizes the development of the South Mining Machine and pump lifting components.

(1) Basic research and experimentation of ocean mining: In the ocean mining operation, the mining machine is required to walk on the seabed soft mud with a water depth of about 5,000 m. Collect polymetallic nodules that occur on the seabed, in addition to adapting to the deep seabed. In addition to the harsh environment, it is also necessary to adapt to changes in the complex seabed topography; at the same time, from the perspective of protecting the environment, it should not cause excessive damage to the seabed environment. To meet these requirements, the mining methods and walking methods used by the mining machine are crucial. To this end, on the basis of solving the theory of working methods such as mining methods and walking devices, according to the experimental results of the unit working organization, a mining model machine was developed. The mechanism research of hydraulic and pneumatic lifting and the test of different volume concentration conveying parameters were completed. The computer simulation was carried out, the mathematical model of hydraulic lifting was established and improved, and the hydraulic lifting parameters of industrial exploitation were predicted and optimized.

(2) Construction of Ocean Mining Laboratory: The research on key technologies and equipment for ocean mining requires a large number of tests, construction of test conditions for simulating marine mining environment, and experimental research to achieve key breakthroughs. Reduce costly offshore test costs. To this end, a large-scale marine mining comprehensive laboratory covering an area of ​​4 000 m2, which can be used for both mining technology research and equipment performance testing, as well as pipeline lifting methods and process parameters research, can be built. Its completion has provided conditions for China to better carry out research and development of ocean mining projects; it also marks that China's ocean mining test research conditions have reached the international advanced level.

(3) Formulation of marine intermediate test plan: Ocean mining is a high-risk industry. According to the representative and economical nature of industrial mining, the equipment should not be too heavy. However, in order to meet the feasibility of the comprehensive inspection program and the principle of equipment performance, the China Ocean Association organized experts to complete the "Citro-type polymetallic nodule offshore pilot design." It is planned to complete the marine intermediate test of 1/5 to 1/10 of the scale of industrial mining after completing the indoor test of each subsystem of the mining and solving the key technologies and equipment. Through the pilot test, we strive to make major breakthroughs in mining technology and accumulate mining experience. Http://248795581.qzone.qq.com

The timing of mining polymetallic nodules in the ocean mainly depends on the following four factors: 1 global political and economic stability; 2 international market demand for nickel, cobalt, copper and manganese is optimistic year by year; 3 technological advances in mining and smelting of polymetallic nodules in the ocean, In particular, cost-effective improvements; 4 advances in marine science. With the advent of the development of the ocean in the 21st century, ocean mining technology is particularly important. The development of modern high-tech has laid a bridge for the development of ocean resources. Its formation and development will have a positive and far-reaching impact on the world's marine economy, culture and human ocean consciousness.

7 Conclusion

The development trend of mining technology in foreign mines is in addition to the seven aspects mentioned above. There are also natural caving mining technologies that are becoming more sophisticated, and applications are expanding. In addition, a large number of new technologies have emerged in rock blasting. Mine rock mechanics and engineering have been used as an independent discipline. They are playing an increasingly important role in the construction and production of mines. Great role. With the development of industry, the demand for mineral resources is constantly increasing. At present, both developed and developing countries regard the possession of resources and development resources as strategic measures. Therefore, a large number of high-efficiency Safe, low-cost mining technologies and methods need to keep up with the pace of advanced technology and develop resources.

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